Issue: 84
For thousands of years, the Mediterranean region has been the cradle of many civilizations; the hearth of trade, transport and cultural exchange between diverse people and communities.
However, the Mediterranean Sea is now subject to intense human pressure thereby denuding it of its inherent treasure and asset of resource endowment.
A sustainable solution for Mediterranean Sea where marine and biodiversity conversation can be ensured is necessary.
The success of marine and biodiversity conservation in Mediterranean region, however, to a large extent depends on networking, not only at national level but also regional and international levels.
Marine Protected Areas Forum in Antalya
Therefore it is important to notify that an important event called Marine Protected Areas Forum (MPA Forum) took place between 25-28 November in Antalya.
This MPA Forum brought together all the stakeholders in the Mediterranean (and even beyond) to increase understanding of status and challenges of marine protected areas networks and aims at serving as a forum for sharing knowledge, information and experiences on protecting and sustainable use of the marine resources and ecosystems.
MPAs indeed offer a range of benefits for the people, the marine environment and fisheries. They provide services to local communities who depend on the seas and its resources; increasing food security; reducing poverty; and opening new incompe earning opportunities.
The global biodiversity targets set in Nagoya in 2010 aim to have 10% of the planet’s marine and coastal areas under some kind of protection by 2020, a massive step up from the 1.17% of the oceans currently protected. UNDP is working hard to promote solutions which protect fisheries while supporting alternative livelihoods for communities traditionally dependent on fishing.
Health Marine Ecosystems for Food Security and Nutrition
It was only 5 months ago, in June, when more than 40,000 people attended the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development - Rio+20. This was by far the largest ever UN gathering, and culminated in the adoption by 193 UN member states of the outcome document titled “The Future We Want”.
It was stressed that healthy marine ecosystems, sustainable fisheries and sustainable aquaculture have crucial role for food security and nutrition and in providing for the livelihoods of millions of people.
As it is stated in Rio outcome document “Future We Want”, conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems contribute to poverty eradication, sustained economic growth, food security and creation of sustainable livelihoods and decent work, while at the same time protecting biodiversity and the marine environment and addressing the impacts of climate change.
I believe that this MPA Forum will be a starting point to help governments to fulfill their commitments to protect, and restore the health, productivity and resilience of marine ecosystems and to maintain their biodiversity.
It will also catalyze actions and outline the steps required to make tangible progress in advancing the marine biodiversity agenda and culminate in articulating and crafting a common vision for 2020.
* Shahid Najam, UNDP Resident Representative in Turkey and UN Resident Coordinator in Turkey
UNDP Resident Representative and UN Resident Coordinator Shahid Najam focused on the process of post 2015 development agenda within global and national perspective, in his speech titled “Through to Agenda of Development After 2015: What kind of future you want?”.
Shahid Najam focused on current status of Millennium Development Goals which was launched in 2000 and he elaborated on the national consultations process in Turkey within the framework of post 2015 development agenda.
After Shahid Najam’s presentation, there was a lively discussion with the participants about the development agenda after 2015 with the moderator, Associate Prof. Dr. Mehmet Invrendi from Pamukkale University.
The university tour of post 2015 development agenda is going to be organized in more than 10 universities in Turkey during the whole year.
The tour aims to have a discussion with the university students and academicians about the post 2015 development process and have their views and thoughts on the ‘Future They Want’ after 2015.
In this way, the tour aims to contribute to the national consultations process in Turkey which has launched within the framework of post 2015 development agenda.
International Centre for Entrepreneurship was established by Turkey Vodafone Foundation, under the auspices of Ministry of Development and in cooperation with UNDP and Habitat Centre for Development and Governance.
The Centre will contribute to the development of ecosystem of entrepreneurship in Turkey and Turkey’s competitiveness at the global scale.
International Centre for Entrepreneurship gathers non-governmental institutions, international organizations, technology companies and the studies on entrepreneurship held in universities under the same roof for the first time.
The opening ceremony of International Centre for Entrepreneurship was inaugurated by Serpil Timuray, Vodafone Turkey Chairman of the Executive Board and UNDP Turkey Deputy Resident Representative Matilda Dimovska on 15th of November.
Serpil Timuray: “We reinvigorate the labor force in Turkey via entrepreneurship”
Serpil Timuray, Vodafone Turkey Chairman of the Executive Board, said in the opening ceremony that “The entrepreneurs, who are the most dynamic sector in the economy and catalyser of change, represent the driving force which will pave the way for development and prosperity by turning the opportunities into the advantages of their society.”
Mrs. Timuray indicated that this centre will increase the exchange of information and experience between different stakeholders who are active in the field of entrepreneurship.
Inclusive education curriculum to improve the entrepreneur human resource
Under the roof of International Centre for Entrepreneurship, it is aimed to determine a road map by identifying the current needs in the field of entrepreneurship and improve the entrepreneur human resource with the inclusive education curriculum.
In this scope, all the people, particularly youth and women, who have the power of entrepreneurship, will be trained through face to face and online trainings, focusing on their own needs and they will get mentoring service.
International Centre for Entrepreneurship will also create a powerful synergy for exchange of information and experience by gathering potential entrepreneurs and decent businessmen and the centre will provide an environment for entrepreneurs to develop new visions for their work.
The UN Climate Change Conference in Doha is to be presided over by H.E. Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah, Chairman of Qatar’s Administrative Control and Transparency Authority.
More than 100 Ministers are attending the high-level segment of the meeting, which will begin on 4 December and ends with a decision-making plenary on 7 December.
The opening of the high-level segment will also be attended by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
Exchange of Information among all Stakeholders
The conference will be attended by government delegates, representatives from business and industry, environmental organizations, research institutions and the media.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COPs are both inter-governmental negotiating forums, and a key opportunity for all stakeholders to exchange information and ideas in order to help build momentum for action on climate change.
Key Objectives in Governments' Agenda
The key objectives that governments have set themselves for COP 18 in Doha is to consider the crucial role of agriculture in the global effort to adapt to climate change and curb greenhouse gas emissions, to complete new infrastructure and chart the way forward on long-term climate finance and to further strengthen the adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable, also through better planning.
In accordance with the answers provided by the survey participants, suggestions will be prepared for the post 2015 development agenda by the High Level Panel in the spring of 2013.
These suggestions will be included to the report of Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon which he will present to the General Assembly in September 2013.
You may reach to the survey via this link.
In the first programme of December, we talked about the synergy of tourism, sustainable development and international peace.
The contributor of this episode was Fatih Şahin, Governor of Muğla where attracts international tourists most in Turkey.
He said that tourism has cultural and social dimensions as well as its economic dimension.
He stated that “Thanks to tourism, we see that people are more social, open and peaceful with the increasing mutual love and respect and with the establishment of very important friendship across countries.”
UNDP and Governorship of Muğla will Shoot a Documentary on Tourism
UNDP and Governorship of Muğla will jointly shoot a documentary on tourism’s role as a developmental and social tool to establish the Alliance of Civilizations at the local level.
With this documentary, it is aimed to visualize better the role of tourism in maintaining the international peace at the local level.
You may listen to our podcast from here.
You may find out more about our podcasts from http://bit.ly/yeniufuklar
United Nations Joint Programme “Growth with Decent Work for All: National Youth Employment Program and Pilot Implementation in Antalya” (UN Joint Programme) that aims to reduce youth unemployment and increase the participation of young women in the labour force has ended.
The closure meeting of the Joint Programme took place in Ankara on November 22.
Among the participants of the Joint Programme, there were Mr. Namık Ata- Acting Undersecretary, Ministry of Labour and Social Security, Ms. Susanne Hoffmann- International Labour Organization (ILO) Regional Director for Europe and Central Asia, Mr. Shahid Najam- UN Resident Coordinator and Mr. Nusret Yazısı-General Director of Turkish Employment Organization (İŞKUR).
The UN Joint Programme was launched at the end of 2009 and funded by the MDG Achievement Fund entrusted to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) by the Government of Spain, in cooperation with İŞKUR and United Nations Organisations namely ILO, IOM (International Organization for Migration), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations) and UNDP.
The UN Joint Programme realized activities both national and local levels within the frame of “decent work” and social integraiton. The Joint Programme worked for adopting and implementing the employment policies for the benefit of youth and the poor.
During the closure meeting the outcomes and the sustainability strategy of the Joint Programme were shared with the participants by the Joint Programme Manager Bülent Açıkgöz and İŞKUR Employment Expert Özkan Öztürk.
The afternoon session of the meeting focused on “Youth Employment Challenge of Turkey: The Way Forward for Integrated Policies”.
The speakers of this session were Ümit Deniz Efendioğlu (ILO Turkey Director), Matilda Dimovska (UNDP Turkey Deputy Resident Representative), Stjepan Tanic (FAO Europe and Central Asia Regional Office Senior Expert), Meera Sethi (IOM Turkey Chief of Mission) and Gökhan Güder (Ministry of Development, Employment and Working Life Unit).
UNDP Administrator Helen Clark examined the current socio-economic situation of the world and global drivers which will affect our world in 2050, in her speech, titled “Our World in 2050: More Equitable and Sustainable – or Less?”
Helen Clark highlighted that poverty, inequity, and environmental sustainability are inter-linked global challenges and need to be tackled concurrently.
She focused on the importance of three essential elements of the human development paradigm which are equality of opportunity for all people in society; sustainability of such opportunities from one generation to the next and empowerment of people so that they participate in development processes.
Helen Clark stated that these development challenges must be addressed in an integrated way. She also mentioned the role of choices made on political, environmental, social and economic issues within this process.
UNDP Administrator presented the solution of considering the approaches of innovation and partnership at the local level, action at the country level and building consensus at the global level for sustainable 2050.
In the conclusion, Helen Clark stated that she is very optimistic that the world can be more equal and sustainable in 2050, in the light of technology, entrepreneurship, environmental awareness and respect.
The report was announced on 26 November jointly by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and United Nations Information Center (UNIC) Ankara.
The Least Developed Countries Report 2012 provides a comprehensive and authoritative socio-economic analysis of the world's poorest countries.
The report discusses that educated and highly qualified nationals of the world's poorest countries who have left to work elsewhere could counter the "brain drain" effect on their home countries by contributing to knowledge transfer and channelling investment back home.
In the report, it is indicated that the remittances are another important source for LDCs if they can be directed to investment in those countries report says.
However, a policy change by LDCs and their development partners is essential to have success in those efforts.
Importance of Turkey for LDCs
Turkey has emerged as an important development partner of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
Turkey hosted a major Ministerial Conference of the Least Developed Countries on "Making globalization work for LDCs" in Istanbul on 9-10 July 2007, a high level panel event, "Trade and Development for African LDCs' Prosperity: Action and Direction", in Izmir on 4-5 March 2008 and The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDC-IV), in Istanbul, 9-13 May 2011.
Turkey has been emerging as a donor country.
Its contributions, both by public and private sectors and at NGO level, have reached billions of dollars. It is for sure making a difference in the lives of millions across the world.
At the launch, UN Resident Coordinator Shahid Najam said that in today's world across many regions, millions of people take the streets to demand dignity and justice for all and they want human beings to be at the centre of global economic and political systems, a chance for meaningful participation in public affairs, a dignified life and freedom from fear and want.
Najam added that if the world cannot solve the problems of billions who suffer from poverty, diseases and other ills of the world, global peace that we pursue can never be achieved.
On behalf of the Turkish Foreign Ministry Deputy Director General for Multilateral Economic Relations Gokcen Kaya outlined Turkey's assistance to LDCs and Turkey's development partnership with LDCs, and how Turkey follows up on the Istanbul Plan of Action adopted at the LDC-IV.
After Rolf Traeger , UNCTAD Economic Affairs Coordinator, presented the findings and recommendations of the report; a question and answer session was conducted.
Turkey's former permanent representative to the UN retired Ambassador Ertugrul Apakan also shared his experiences related to Turkey's efforts to help the least developed countries.
The world-renowned international footballers will join UNDP Goodwill Ambassadors and football legends Ronaldo and Zinédine Zidane in a friendly football match on December 19 to raise awareness of global poverty.
The match will raise funds through ticket sales, sponsorship and broadcast rights to support projects to help reduce poverty in Brazil and Africa.
Nearly 35.000 tickets already been sold
Nearly 35.000 tickets have already been sold for the popular event, which will take place this year at the Gremio Arena in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
UNDP Associate Administrator Rebeca Grynspan clarified that their goal with 10th Match Against Poverty is to raise awareness of 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty around the world.
She indicated that, as football is the world’s most popular sport and poverty is a global challenge, the match provides an incredible opportunity to mobilize people to join us in the fight against poverty.
Last Year, USD 100.000 for Struggle Against Poverty
Last year’s “Match Against Poverty” – which took place in Hamburg, Germany - raised more than USD 100.000 for humanitarian and relief operations in the Horn of Africa.
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador Ronaldo, who launched the Match Against Poverty with UNDP Goodwill Ambassador Zidane and UNDP ten years ago, stated that the struggle against poverty is not a game but they use this Match to raise both funds and awareness that the solution is in everyone’s hands.
The annual event - which is televised globally - is supported by both football’s governing body, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), and the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA).
Social Inclusion Band, which is a sub-project of Dreams Academy initiated by Alternative Life Association (AYDER), took the stage on 23rd of November in Vehbi Koç Otosan Gölcük Culture Center in Istanbul.
Dreams Academy, setting out with the slogan “Art-ist has no barrier!’, brings together socially disabled youth with volunteer musicians.
As a very special part of this project, Social Inclusion Band, has been meeting with the music fans since four years in various stages and festivals such as Rock’n Coke, Efes One Love, Akbank Jazz Festival and IKSV Jazz Festival.
In the joint performance night of the project which was supported by British Council, Social Inclusion Band took stage with the Fish Police Band of Heart’n Soul initiative.
The participation to the conference was free.
The aim of the project is to build capacity within the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) regarding the energy projections modeling, that will not only support national needs on energy projections but also international requirements under UNFCCC.
As a requirement of the UNFCCC, Turkey is required to prepare its National Communications (NCs).
In addition to NCs, Parties are required to prepare biennial reports as agreed during COP17.
Part of the reporting includes projections on energy utilization and greenhouse gas emission. Projection models are used worldwide both for reporting and national planning purposes. However, utilization of these models requires trained users.
Expected outputs of this project are training MENR personnel on energy projection modeling, training of trainers delivered by MENR trained personnel and preparation of knowledge products such as handbooks, guidelines etc.
It is planned to hold meetings and trainings during December 2012.
Following the first phase, the second phase of Training of Sales Staff on Sales Techniques Highlighting Energy Efficiency of Appliances took place in Istanbul.
The training designed considering the outcomes of the first phase targeted the sales, marketing and training departments of the companies who deliver regular sales techniques training for salespersons at stores in order to have the energy efficiency to be increasingly included in the training curricula and to ensure sustainability of this training.
Second phase of the training covered responsibilities of sellers under the energy labeling regulations, information on energy labels and sales techniques highlighting nergy efficiency of appliances.
Training event was attended by sales, marketing and training departments of Arçelik, the project partner and other TURKBESD members such as BSH, Vestel, Indesit as well department stores Teknosa, Metro, Real.
The workshop mainly aimed to present to the participants the currently available training program on Energy Management Systems (ISO 50001).
Discussions throughout the workshop were also allowed to identify the modifications needed to harmonize with national needs to be used for the upcoming trainings on Energy Management Systems in Turkey.
The workshop was supported with a training programme and during the training EnMS training materials of United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) were benefited from.
The five-days workshop was concluded with the support of two UNIDO EnMS experts, Erik Gudbjerg Director of Lokalenergi A/S, Denmark and International EnMS Expert and Gerard Doherty, Principal Consultant at Zero Carbon, Ireland and International EnMS Expert.
More than 30 people from Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, General Directorate of Renewable Energy, Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization (KOSGEB) and Turkish Standards Institute (TSE) participated to the workshop.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Industry in Turkey Project aims that energy efficiency in Turkish industry is improved by encouraging industrial enterprises for creating an effective energy management with energy efficiency precautions and energy efficient technologies.
The GEF (Global Environment Facility) supported project is executed by General Directorate for Renewable Energy, and implemented by UNDP and UNIDO Technology with the cooperation of KOSGEB, TSE; Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV).
UNDP Administrator Helen Clark said at her lecture on the 8th of November at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment & the Stanford Program in Human Biology that progress towards a new global climate agreement has been painfully slow.
She presented her argument as "Unless there is more coordinated global action to tackle climate change soon, it will be increasingly hard to reduce poverty, in all its dimensions, particularly in the world’s poorest countries. The costs of adaptation will also rise steeply everywhere."
She pointed out that the devastation wrought by Hurricane Sandy in the United States and the Caribbean in recent weeks reminds us how destructive extreme and volatile weather can be.
She stated that to tackle climate change, the whole world must develop differently.
She attracted the attention to already existing significant finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Applied to smart strategies, the global community can make the transition to green and inclusive economies which tackle inequality, advance development and arrest ecosystem degradation.
She added that tackling climate change can help accelerate economic and energy transformations, drive revolutions in technology, and spur the creation of new production models which may create new opportunities for developed and developing countries.
However, she added that along with a multi-disciplinary approach, all these require engaged citizens and bold leadership, willing and able to take on entrenched interests and leave behind failed models.
She said that in this way, climate change must also be brought into debates on how to stimulate economic growth, address deficits, generate decent work, achieve energy security, and lay the ground for a more stable and peaceful world.
The Social Inclusion Band started the new season with its brand new team and new repertoire at Bronx Pi Stage on 13 of November.
Social Inclusion Band is an innovative initiative and a pioneer model of social entrepreneurship.
Social Inclusion Band is a voluntary music band of Dreams Academy project which was carried out by Alternative Life Association (AYDER).
AYDER has been implementing cultural, artistic, educational and sportive projects since 12 years to help disabled and socially disadvantaged youth become a part of social life.
Social Inclusion Band gathers talented young people who are trained in the Academy and professional musicians.
The Band shared stages with many professional musicians and bands, such as Cahit Berkay, Babazula, Bengü, Şebnem Ferah, Hayko Cepkin, Can Bonomo. They also take part in many festivals such as Rock’n Coke, Efes One Love, Akbank Jazz Festival and IKSV Jazz Festival.
Guest Artist was Selen Servi
Social Inclusion Band hosted Selen Servi as a guest artist for its first concert of the season.
Selen Servi, who put out an album named ‘I took the risk’ under the musical direction of İskender Paydaş, first met with Social Inclusion Band in 2011.
She has taken part in many social projects, in addition to her television and radio programmes. She interpreted one of her own song into the sign language and brought it to stage with Social Inclusion Band.
The meeting was held to identify accurate sustainable development indicators and to determine a mechanism to be followed for Turkey.
In the meeting, the studies of WWF-Turkey, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Ministry of Development on sustainability were shared.
The calculation of ‘Ecological Footprint' which enables environmental sustainability to be measured was presented by Mathis Wackernagel, the head of Global Footprint Network (GFN).
WWF-Turkey shared the results of ‘Ecological Footprint Report for Turkey’. The report was the first example of its kind in which ecological footprint was calculated.
In the opening ceremony of the meeting, Matilda Dimovska, Deputy Resident Representative of UNDP Turkey, indicated that at the Rio+20 Conference, the political commitment of UN Member States was put on sustainable development.
Dimovska also stated that the sustainable development is the best option which contains employment opportunities, poverty eradication and elimination of inequalities in addition to protection of the environment, in today’s world.
Ecological Footprint Report for Turkey, which was calculated for the first time in Turkey by WWF-Turkey in collaboration with GFN, offers solutions to stop the ecological timeout limit in the light of scenarios for the year 2050 while examining natural resources according to categories of land-use forms, level of consumption and income.
The report sets the scientific basis for strategic decisions to close the ecological deficit in Turkey while examining the situation of Turkey taking into account the global and regional trends.
Mathis Wackernagel stated that the ecological risks which pose threat to Turkey’s well-being and stability, should not be underestimated but Turkey could be one of the leading countries that can guarantee the welfare of its citizens by examining the status of its natural resources, boundaries and dependencies.
Tolga Baştak, General Director of WWF-Turkey, indicated that Turkey needs also to integrate not only the indicators like growth rate but also indicators like Ecological Footprint to its development plans in order to be able to catch trends in sustainability.
He also added that a future in harmony with nature could be set up and a strong economy could be owned, only if we use accurate and complementary indicators with effective management of natural resources.
You may click here to read Ecological Footprint Report for Turkey.
Mr. Najam first paid a courtesy visit to Antalya Governor Ahmet Altıparmak for his strong support to the United Nations (UN) Joint Programme, together with FAO Assistant Representative in Turkey, Ayşegül Akın.
Mr. Najam talked about that all of the strategies and activities of the UN Joint Programme is planned, prepared and implemented with a partnership of 4 UN agencies (United Nations Organisations ILO -International Labour Organization, IOM -International Organization for Migration, FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations UNDP and Turkish Employment Organization (İŞKUR).
But especially in the implementation process public agencies, NGOs, academia and private sector in Antalya, under the leadership of the governorate, become important stakeholders of the Joint Programme.
Mr. Najam also made a field visit to Cut Flower Production Training Programme organized by Ornamental Plants Exporters Association in partnership with UN Joint Programme and İŞKUR Antalya under the UNJP.
Mr. Najam welcomed the concrete results of the UNJP, as the successful graduates have already been offered decent work opportunities in various cut flower producing companies.
United Nations Joint Programme “Growth with Decent Work for All: National Youth Employment Program and Pilot Implementation in Antalya” (UN Joint Programme) started in 2009 and ends as of December 2012.
The Joint Programme aimed at reducing youth unemployment and increasing the participation of young women in the labour force and to increase the percentage in placements of young unemployed people into decent jobs.
It is funded by the MDG Achievement Fund entrusted to UNDP by the Government of Spain, in cooperation with İŞKUR and ILO, IOM, FAO and UNDP.
Jo Confino, editorial director of Guardian Sustainable Business, also participated to the event and he emphasized that increasingly growing world economy threatens natural resources.
He further said that “Sustainability concerns everyone. Journalists should inform the public and should raise the awareness on sustainability among the society.”
Yılmaz Argüden, representative of UN Global Compact Local Network of Turkey and head of Executive Committee, presented Global Compact and sustainability reports prepared by companies.
Engin Güven, Secretary-General of Business Council for Sustainable Development, Kerem Okumuş, Deputy Director of Regional Environmental Center, Ozan Çakmak, from ILO Turkey Office and Arzu Özyol, Founding President of Federation of Business and Professional Women in Turkey attended to the event as panelists.
Hansın Doğan, Deputy Director of UNDP Istanbul International Centre for Private Sector in Development, and Faik Uyanık, UNDP Turkey Communications Officer were also participated to the event in which many journalists from Turkish press were invited.
In this part we talk about the role of sustainable tourism in maintaining international peace at the local level.
UNDP Turkey: This is the New Horizons Podcast of United Nations Development Programme Turkey. In this week’s programme, we will talk about tourism, sustainable development and international peace. Our contributor is Fatih Şahin, Governor of Muğla. The city of Muğla attracts many international tourists. Tourism has cultural and social dimensions as well as its economic dimension. What could Mr. Şahin say about the connection between those?
Fatih Şahin (F.Ş.): As you mentioned, we shouldn’t look at tourism only in economic terms. Because thanks to our guests coming both from Turkey and abroad, we understand each other better. We see each others’ way of life. We introduce our cultures to each other. In this sense, thanks to tourism, we have seen that people become more social, friendly and respectful as they establish friendships. With their contribution to national and world peace, all these are a priceless sides of tourism. This is an undeniable fact and in this sense, we must pay attention to tourism. There is a word which was said by Yunus Emre hundreds years ago:
“Come, let us all be friends for once,
Let us make life easy on us,
Let us be lovers and loved ones,
The earth shall be left to no one.”
Actually everything starts with a meeting. Tourism is a sector which serves to the philosophy indicated in the word of Yunus Emre hundreds years ago. I care about this.
UNDP Turkey: What kind of connection is there between world peace and protecting cultural and natural heritages?
F.Ş.: There are many artifacts belonging to many historical periods in Muğla. We especially put a great effort with Ministry of Culture to revive these heritages. There are artifacts belonging to many civilizations such as to Hickory, Lycia and Ottoman Empire. These are cultural and historical richness we have. Regardless of which civilization, it is our responsibility to protect and restore them. This is a very crucial topic in cultural tourism and world peace.
UNDP Turkey: Now, let us talk about ‘protected areas’ in which UNDP also contributes to with the leadership of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. There are many marine protected areas in Muğla. Why are the marine protected areas necessary and how do they contribute to tourism? Governor Mr. Şahin points out Muğla’s special situation.
F.Ş.: We have a 1200 kilometer seaside and many spectacular bays. It is very important to protect these bays and marine species for the future of tourism there. We must do this not only for tourism but also as a moral duty. But we need to pay more attention especially to this region. The tourism could be sustainable and long lasting, only if we protect these beauties.
UNDP Turkey: You may contribute to this subject on Twitter via using the hashtag, #yeniufuklar. Contribution to sustainable green economy with tourism is another topic that we need to focus on. Muğla Handcrafts Business Association, MELSA is an important example for this. This company serves as a model in Turkey and especially in Mediterranean region, for excursion area management in and around the special protected areas. What can you tell us about this initiative?
F.Ş.: This company belongs to our governorship and it was founded 20 years ago. First, there were only women of the region working in the company, making handcrafts and other activities related with weaving. These activities are still going on. But recently, we run beaches such as Oludeniz and Gokova. Everyone is very happy and pleasant. One of the most essential elements for tourism sector is to keep the quality at a very high level with sustainable thinking. We work not only for profit but also to give a good service over there. Recently, Oludeniz was selected as the most beautiful beach. In Gokova, kite surfing is an emerging trend and Gokova is one of the leading racing tracks in the world. They are run by also our friends. MELSA is a company who spend its revenues to social responsibility projects. We help people with disabilities, giving scholarships to student and spend the money we earn, for the infrastructure needs of our villages. So, the money we earn from that region, comes back as services for the people of this region. It is a great pleasure.
UNDP Turkey: Is the sustainable tourism possible? Does the tourism in Muğla develop in a sustainable way?
F.Ş.: The employees working in the tourism sector, sector representatives and anybody else should need to bear a responsibility. We need to make sustainable projects without compromising on quality. We need to be innovative and keep track of developments in the world. In a year, approximately three million foreign tourists are coming to our region and this number is steadily increasing. We also host domestic tourists as much as foreign tourists. We need to raise our activities in these areas while following the developments in cultural tourism and sports-related activities. We have started this. Both Ministry of Culture and our governorship restored many artifacts and these studies go on. We are very happy to announce it to public. Thus, next time we can draw the tourists to the inner parts of Muğla. Thanks to trekking roads, you can do trekking, cycling and ride a horse. We plan to make cultural tourism as an important topic with the great restored locations and market which rouse up. Thus, both diversity and duration on tourism would increase which we give special attention on. This kind of cultural tourism activities are major contribution to peace in the regions as well as world peace.
UNDP Turkey: We have listened to Fatih Şahin, Governor of Muğla. We have discussed tourism, sustainable development and international consensus.We have come to the end of this episode of the New Horizons Podcast of the United Nations Development Programme Turkey. This program has been recorded at the studio of Radyo İlef of Ankara University Communications Department. You can follow our program on Açık Radyo (Open Radio) on FM frequency, on university radios in our broadcasting network, on iTunes under podcasts and on undp.org.tr. Our username for social media is undpturkiye. Hope to see you soon, good bye!
In this part, we talk about the foreign aid of Turkey which gradually increases.
UNDP Turkey: This is the New Horizons Podcast of United Nations Development Programme Turkey. In this week’s programme, we will talk about the foreign aid of Turkey which gradually increases. Our contributor is Füsun Gür, Senior Expert from TİKA (Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency). Welcome.
Füsun Gür (F.G.): Hello!
UNDP Turkey: TİKA was established in 1992 and the 20th anniversary of TİKA is being celebrated this year. I would like to start with the definition of foreign aid. What does ‘foreign aid’ mean?
F.G.: Foreign aid is all aids given in kind and in cash to support developing countries and find solutions to their developmental problems. Foreign aids are an important mean to establish global collaboration. People struggle with hunger, poverty and contagious diseases in the world. As there are 2.5 million people below starvation line who live with a daily income below 1 dollar, everyone needs to discharge their own responsibilities. Developmental problems require global responsibilities.
UNDP Turkey: Turkey is commonly known as a country which receives foreign aid. But in recent years, foreign aid given by Turkey is gradually increasing. Let’s look at numbers. How has the situation of foreign aids given by Turkey changed?
F.G.: While the foreign aid of Turkey was $60-80 million between the years of 2003 and 2004, now it has accelerated up to $1.3 million in 2011.
UNDP Turkey: For example, I have a data which indicates that the foreign aid in 2010 was $967 million, and as you mentioned, in 2011 this number became $1.3 million which is an upsurge. Even in the last few years, there is an increase of more than 30 percent.
F.G.: Yes, that is correct. While talking about foreign aid, we must talk about its different categories. With the increase in emergency aids to least developed countries and expenses for temporary guests in our country, in 2011 we reached to our peak level of foreign aid that we have done so far.
UNDP Turkey: Of course, it is very important to consider these categories. What do we accept as an official development aid? There are also ‘official’ and ‘unofficial’ development aids. Could you explain the difference between them?
F.G.: Of course. The development aid is the main title. It is divided into two branches as official and private aids. ‘Official aids’ are aids which are given by official institutions and ‘private aids’ are aids which are given by non-governmental organizations and private sector. Our official aids include aids for project, program and technical cooperation as also TİKA does. Aids of our army to support peace, aids of the under Secretariat of Treasury, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other ministries to international organizations are all official aids.
UNDP Turkey: For example, are the content and expenditures of a training which is given by Turkish Armed Force in Kosovo a development aid?
F.G.: Yes, definitely it is.
UNDP Turkey: May the restoration of a historical artifact in abroad, be a development aid?
F.G.: That may be counted as a development aid based on its kind. At the same time, the aid which is given for foreign students in Turkey, is another category and is also counted as a kind of aid.
UNDP Turkey: You have also mentioned about unofficial development aids. You said that these aids are given by businessmen and non-governmental organizations. Nevertheless, coordination of these aids is also an important work. Coordination of foreign aid is one of the important duties of TİKA as it also stands out one of the acronyms in your agency’s title. You get these numbers by contacting hundreds and maybe thousands of organization and institutions, right?
F.G.: Yes. We, as TİKA, practiced more than 100 projects in coordination with more than 50 non-governmental organizations. Beside this, we collect the data of other non-governmental organizations which doesn’t work in coordination with TİKA. Turkish non-governmental organizations work very effectively. Both non-governmental organizations and governmental institutions did a really good job in Somali. Also, Turkish businessmen make direct investment on these regions. Even, the investment which is done by the profit they got from previous one is a part of the aid. We gather all of them in an inventory which is established by TİKA; analyze tem and send the results to Committee of Development Aids. Other developed countries send these, too. It reveals who give aids and how much.
UNDP Turkey: You are personally in charge of this coordination. How many organizations that you send these forms and questionnaires?
F.G.: I guess we send these to almost 1500 organizations. But there are 100-150 organizations who make aids seriously and provide data by entering the results on inventory.
UNDP Turkey: The number of 1500 is the sum of official and unofficial aids?
F.G.: Yes.
UNDP Turkey: We mentioned that there is an increasing trend on foreign aids. Does the change of method affect this increase? Do the coordination and reporting which didn’t exist before, has an impact on the increase of foreign aid?
F.G.: From 2003 to 2008, collecting the numbers caused an increase on foreign aids but the actual reason behind this serious increase in recent years, is the increase on funds which Turkey allocates for foreign aids. These funds substantially increased.
UNDP Turkey: As you know, the eight goal of Millennium Development Goals, promotes the national development. While the proportion of official aids of Turkey to national income is 13 per cent in 2010, it raised to 17 per cent in 2011. There is a salient increase year by year, isn’t it?
F.G.: Of course. While our official aids are increasing, our contribution to Millennium Development Goals is raising, too.
UNDP Turkey: We must highlight that, the performance of Turkey on achieving the eight goal of Millennium Development goals, is far better than similar countries.
F.G.: If we compare Turkey with DAC countries, it is the country which increased its aids most.
UNDP Turkey: DAC, which is ‘Development Assistance Committee’ works under OECD. Which countries get aids most? Which criteria are taken in consideration by selecting these countries? How TİKA and Turkish government agencies determine the areas on which the aids will be done?
F.G.: In 2011, the countries which Turkey make aids most are Pakistan, Syria, Afghanistan, Somali and Kyrgyzstan. For example, the reason behind the increase on aids for Pakistan is the problems which occurred because of the flood on previous year. TOKI built big complexes and residences there. Just the expenditure of this project is $135 million. As you know, Syrian guest are still coming to Turkey. In 2011, the aid for Syria was very high just because of the numbers which was reported for these 4-5 months period.
UNDP Turkey: Therefore, the aids for the refugees coming from Syria to Turkey, count as an official foreign aid of Turkey, too.
F.G.: Yes, exactly. There has been a great aid for Afghanistan, one of the least developed countries, after our prime minister’s commitment to make $9 million aid to there, on ‘United Nations 4th Conference on Least Developed Countries’ which took place in Istanbul. TİKA has been bringing project and program aids to Afghanistan especially for education, health and water. It served for many students to go school. It run many hospitals and opened policlinics and served as a model.
UNDP Turkey: So, we see that the humanitarian criteria take place on the top to determine these. That was very important that you mentioned on least developed countries. ‘United Nations 4th Conference on Least Developed Countries’ which is a big international conference, took place in Istanbul in 2011. These aids increased by 79 per cent in 2011 compare to 2010 and reached to 279 million. You also mentioned the commitment that the government made. So, more increase can be foreseen.
F.G.: Our commitment was $200 million but we made $279 million foreign aid.
UNDP Turkey: So we can say that Turkey gave foreign aid 40 per cent more than its commitment. Turkey is a country who gives foreign aid or takes foreign aid? Which situation are we in right now?
F.G.: Actually, Turkey is in the situation which gives aid rather than it takes. It takes aids from European Union. The aids we give are much more than we take.
UNDP Turkey: If you would like to contribute to this topic, you may share your thoughts with us and our contributor, Füsun Gür, Senior Expert from TİKA (Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency) by using #yeniufuklar hashtag on Twitter. Congratulations on the 20th anniversary of TİKA.
F.G.: Thank you very much. We are growing and strong organization. We invite young people to be interested in our subjects.
UNDP Turkey: Of course, TİKA is one the most important partner of United Nations in Turkey. We have come to the end of this episode of the New Horizons Podcast of the United Nations Development Programme Turkey. This program has been recorded at the studio of Radyo İlef of Ankara University Communications Department. You can follow our program on Açık Radyo (Open Radio) on FM frequency, on university radios in our broadcasting network, on iTunes under podcasts and on undp.org.tr. Our username for social media is undpturkiye. Hope to see you soon, good bye!
In this part, we talk about risk management in natural disasters induced by climate change.
UNDP Turkey: This is the New Horizons Podcast of United Nations Development Programme Turkey. In this week’s programme, we talk about the approach on disasters induced by climate change, or in other words, climate risk management. In Turkey, the losses caused by floods induced by climate change are almost the same amount as the earthquake damages. However, this is not only the case in Turkey but all around the world. For this reason, we organized a conference titled “Climate Risk Management” on October in Ankara. Actually, the climate change directly affects our daily lives; nevertheless we are not fully aware of the situation. In the Climate Risk Management Conference, it is discussed how to raise awareness on this issue. When we look at the numbers showing how the climate change affects our lives, we face to very striking results. For example, on average, 200 floods occur per year in Turkey. They cause around 100 million financial losses per year. Even, the number of deaths during thunderbolts related to storms increased especially recent years. These deaths are around 400. In the conference, these numbers and the possible actions to decrease these numbers were discussed. We mentioned on numbers and these were just a few of them. Is the situation really serious and how much is Turkey aware of this? Prof. Dr. Mikdat Kadıoğlu, head of Istanbul Technical University Center for Disaster Management, gave an interview to CNN Turk during the Climate Risk Management conference and made the following statements:
Prof. Dr. Mikdat Kadıoğlu (M.K.): The situation is the same in many places in the world. We tried to demonstrate the effects of climate change in Turkey, for the first time, with Second Communication Report which was prepared in coordination with Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and UNDP. Day by day, the climate change in Turkey is observed and discussed more. Nevertheless, for the first time, which disaster increased how and where they occur in Turkey were instantiated with numbers and graphs.
UNDP Turkey: Is this process completed? For example, in which regions and how much do the natural disasters increase?
M.K.: Twelve different kinds of disasters such as forest fire, hail, flood, drought, were discussed in the Second Communication. These disasters occur in different areas and seasons but they have a common point which is the increase in the occurrence of all.
UNDP Turkey: How much do the disasters increase?
M.K.: It was increased almost 3-4 times more. It is also the same in the worldwide statistics. In the statistics, 2000s and 1960s were compared and it is observed that meteorological disasters increased three times according to insurance records. Economical losses increased 9 times, insurance records increased 15 times. That is why, meteorological disasters are tried to be involved within the scope of compulsory insurance in the whole world. There is a new law, titled ‘Disaster Insurance’ in Turkey. Before, there was a compulsory insurance only for earthquake. Now, the natural disasters are tried to add to the scope of insurance, with ‘Agricultural Insurances’. Now, the precautions are slowly taken.
UNDP Turkey: We would like give some information about this issue. The climate change and extreme weather conditions caused changes in frequency, density, spread, duration and timing of climate events. As we mentioned at the beginning, the loss, which occurs because of the floods induced by climate change, is almost the same amount as the earthquake damages. Since 2007, there is an increase observed in the number of forest fires which have been destroying around 450 hectares of forest per year. The sudden, irregular and strong rains and floods cause an increase in the number of landslip, erosion and long-lasting droughts. Now the situation shows that rains and floods, which could be seen that strong only once in 100 years in Turkey, could repeat every 50 years until 2070. As Prof. Kadıoğlu indicated the situation in Turkey is almost the same with the rest of the world. Nevertheless, there are some different situations which is witnessed and discussed in each disaster. Do the buildings built on the stream bed and unplanned urbanization increase these statistics?
M.K.: Of course it does. The number of these disasters increases in everywhere, but Turkey is one of the countries who observe more loss. While the world is trying to adapt to climate change, Turkey should spend a great fund on risk management for disasters, along with trying to adapt to climate change. In the rest of the world, there is no building on the stream bed while there are many in Turkey. The world tries to decline the greenhouse gasses while combating against the climate change. We need both adaptation to climate change and help to people, living in the buildings on the stream bed, who are suffered from floods. For this reason, Turkey is obliged to spend its funds on combating against disasters.
UNDP Turkey: The approach of Climate Risk Management examines adaptation to climate change and disaster risk management within an integrated scope to prevent disasters and to enable developmental efforts. Climate Risk Management focuses on the following developmental sectors which can be affected by the climate change: agriculture, sanitation, water sources, health, environment and livelihoods. It aimed to develop the capacity of risk management for these sectors at the local, regional and national levels. Climate Risk Management is composed of five stages: climate analysis, identifying the risk and effect, decision analysis, evaluation of corporate structure and political evaluation and capacity development. These sound a little bit technical. If we return back to Turkey, what kind of action is taken for the risk management in Turkey?
M.K.: The most important thing which has to be done in Turkey is to evaluate disaster management in a scientific and integrated manner. Disaster Law is not valid anymore. Also, Turkey does not have any intervention plan. Turkey needs to have national risk mitigation and recovering plan. We deal with daily issues. But Turkey needs plans and laws on national and local level on the international standards. All the plans are prepared based on old laws at the moment and this is not valid. The laws need to be rewritten based on works and plans which will be prepared.
UNDP Turkey: Mikdat Kadıoğlu says that both legal regulations need to be composed and organizations need to work in coordination. The probability of occurrence of disasters is same with the rest of the world in Turkey but there are more humans dying and more economic losses. This is so because of problems such as unplanned urbanization. According to him, Turkey needs to focus on these issues. If you would like to contribute to the discussion, you may reach us via #yeniufuklar hashtag on Twitter. We have come to the end of this episode of the New Horizons Podcast of the United Nations Development Programme Turkey. This program has been recorded at the studio of Radyo İlef of Ankara University Communications Department. You can follow our program on Açık Radyo (Open Radio) on FM frequency, on university radios in our broadcasting network, on iTunes under podcasts and on undp.org.tr. Our username for social media is undpturkiye. Hope to see you soon, good bye!
In this part we talk about the situation of the girl child and child brides. These topics were also stressed upon during the International Day of the Girl Child which is marked this year for the first time.
UNDP Turkey: This is the New Horizons Podcast of United Nations Development Programme Turkey. In this week’s programme, we will talk about the situation of girl child worldwide and the issue of child brides. Our contributor is United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Reproductive Health Turkey Programme Coordinator Mr. Gökhan Yıldırımkaya. Welcome.
Gökhan Yıldırımkaya (G.A.): Hello.
UNDP Turkey: If you wish, before starting to talk about today's topic, let us listen to a video about this issue. Then, we will talk about the child brides.
UNDP Turkey: You might remember this video, which was shown on television for a long time and which was prepared by Association on Supporting of Contemporary Life. The video was directed by Çağan Irmak. The contentious issue of child brides is not only existent in Turkey but also in almost all countries in the world. First of all, let us talk about the situation in the world. What is the situation of the child brides today in the world?
G.Y.: You are very right. This is a global problem. Even though the number of child brides is declining, the numbers are still very remarkable. Annually, on average, 80 million girl child become a child bride or maternal and for these reasons they cannot complete their studies at school. More importantly, more than 14 million young women put themselves and their babies in danger due to the health problems during pregnancy. Some of them die; some of them become permanently disabled.
UNDP Turkey: This situation has both social aspect and sanitary aspect, right?
G.Y.: Yes, sure.
UNDP Turkey: Then, how do we define the child brides?
G.Y.: Child brides are defined in global terms. In the documents such as Convention on the Rights of the Children, it is indicated that childhood period ends at the age of 18. Every marriage undertaken under the age of 18 is a marriage which includes childhood period and groom or bride that is under the age of 18 is not ready for life in terms of his or her social and psychological situation.
UNDP Turkey: Of course, this situation affects mostly girl children.
G.Y.: Yes, it mostly does.
UNDP Turkey: 11th of October was marked as International Day of the Girl Child by United Nations. Thanks to this day, this issue came to the fore. As you mentioned before, the situation in the world concerns millions of young women and girl children. Let us go back to Turkey. What is the situation in Turkey?
G.Y.: The results in Turkey are more salient. According to Turkey Population Health Study, one of every four marriages is an early marriage within the definition which we gave before. Also, based on the study which was run by Turkish Statistical Institute, almost quarter of 600.000 marriages are made under the age of 19. These are crucial remarks but let’s take a step further. This rate declines to one of every three marriages in rural or agricultural areas. We found out in the research which we are going to publish soon: More than 80 percent of seasonal agricultural workers got married under the age of 18. Therefore, there are also some geographical and regional circumstances which affect the situation.
UNDP Turkey: This situation gradually increases from urban to rural areas and from rural areas to areas where seasonal workers live. But this does not mean that it does not exist in urban areas. For instance, there are more than 180 thousand child brides in Turkey. Based on UNFPA Turkey’s data, one of every three marriage is a child marriage as you have also mentioned before. Last year, 20 thousand families brought suits to courts to be able to marry their daughters which are under the age of 16. Let us talk about the process of these lawsuits. 20 thousand is a very significant number, is not it?
G.Y.: Yes, it is a very significant number. Based on 124th Article of Civil Law, to be able to be competent to get married, one should be at the age of 17. But this law gives authority to the judges in some special circumstances to give the right to boys and girls which are 16 to get married. Some of these decisions are made to be able prevent pregnancy or a criminal conviction. 20 thousand is a very frightening number. But unfortunately, the real number is much more than 20 thousand. We see it in the field researches and studies. Let me quote from our research, a young mother said: “I have three children. When I gave my first birth, I was 17. I had my second child when I was 19. And my third child is a five- month baby right now. We never talked about birth control with my husband. I had many diseases during my pregnancies.” This was a story which was told by 21 years old mother who lives in a rural area.
UNDP Turkey: This was a very striking quote. There is a new report about child brides which has been just published by United Nations Population Fund. In this report, it is indicated that the number of brides under the age of 18 will exceed the number of 100 million within a decade. Also, it is indicated that the number of brides under the age of 15 will be 50 million till 2020. These numbers are very frightening. There is a direct proportion between the frequency of marriage on an early age and the poverty of the family.
G.Y.: Yes, there is an intense relationship between those two parameters. There is a direct proportion between the level of income group, level of development and the age of marriage. This has been proved by Population Health study, other researches made in Turkey and our local studies. Actually the problem with the early marriage is that girls lack of right of education, they are under considerable health threat and they cannot contribute to the economic and social life. As a consequence, the country loses its educated population and the people who could contribute to development and also to the poverty leads to more early marriages which create a vicious circle. There is something more which affects me a lot. We would like to reduce the maternal and child mortality to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and we have successful results on these goals. Nevertheless, we cannot forget that, there is a four times more risk in terms of child and maternal mortality between the marriage at the age of 20 and marriage between the ages of 15 and 20. So, if we cannot prevent these issues, we cannot achieve the targets about education, poverty, maternal and child mortality in Millennium Development Goals. We should keep this in mind.
UNDP Turkey: As you mention, child marriage directly affects six of eight Goals. This situation influences not only married children but also following generations and gives results in the scope of health, education and social life. It has a scope which has serious risks and side effects. As you mentioned, during birth, mortality rate of girls under 15 is five times more than 20 years old girls. These are very essential and highlighted facts. Before you come, we asked to our followers on Twitter if they have any questions for you. One of our followers nicknamed as ‘Gereğini bilgilerinize’ asked: “How do you evaluate the new education reform of Turkey in terms of sexual and reproductive health?”
G.Y.: Actually, two things did come together in the story that I told before: to be young and to lack the necessary information. This is very important. You lack self defense tools when you lack information and education. It means you are in a risky period. What the child bride said: “I have never talked about birth control with my husband. I do not know anything.” There is a big handicap in Turkey. In Turkish education system despite of other countries, there are not any training programmes on sexual, reproductive and adolescent health which are constituted according to ages. Therefore, not having these trainings, especially starting from primary education, brings many risks. This situation brings violence inside the school, conflict, exploitation, not being able to defend your own body and to have risky behaviors that might harm your environment and yourselves. For example, I have a data from National Education Ministry. 98,6 of children, who left school, are girls. They do not have information, they cannot complete school and suddenly they found themselves as a parent and in a married life.
UNDP Turkey: If we compare Turkey with other countries in the region, what is the situation?
G.Y.: Turkey is the second worst country on the risk of early marriage and maternity among Caucasian and European countries. There is only one country which is worse than us, Georgia. There is a way, which is to provide information for youth inside and outside of school, to reverse this statistic. We can also advise some out-of-school sources.
N.H.: What are these sources?
G.Y.: For example, we have a website which is birgenclikhikayesi.com. On this website, young people could ask questions anonymously. We cannot reach their personal information; we only see the questions they asked. We immediately reply to their questions and if they have any medical problem, we lead them to organizations which they could apply for. Until now, we have shared information and have solved the problems.
UNDP Turkey: Then, we click on birgenclikhikayesi.com. If you would like to contribute to discussion, even after you listen to this programme, you may reach us on twitter by using the hashtags #yeniufuklar and #kizcocuguolmak. Mr. Yıldırımkaya, thank you very much for your contribution.
G.Y.: Thank you.
UNDP Turkey: Our contributor was Mr. Gökhan Yıldırımkaya, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Reproductive Health Turkey Programme Coordinator. We have come to the end of this episode of the New Horizons Podcast of the United Nations Development Programme Turkey. This program has been recorded at the studio of Radyo İlef of Ankara University Communications Department. You can follow our program on Açık Radyo (Open Radio) on FM frequency, on university radios in our broadcasting network, on iTunes under podcasts and on undp.org.tr. Our username for social media is undpturkiye. Hope to see you soon, good bye!
Editor: Faik Uyanık
Assistant: Nazife Ece
Intern: Irmak İnan
Contributors to this issue: Deniz Tapan
© 2012 UNDP Turkey
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